Everything about Intermediate-range Ballistic Missile totally explained
An
intermediate-range ballistic missile (
IRBM) is a
ballistic missile with a range of 3,000-5,500 km (1,865-3,420 miles), between a
medium-range ballistic missile and an
intercontinental ballistic missile. Classifying ballistic missiles by range is done mostly for convenience, in principle there's very little difference between a low-performance ICBM and a high-performance IRBM. The range definition used here's used within the U.S.
Missile Defense Agency. Some other sources include an additional category, the
long-range ballistic missile, or LRBM, to describe missiles with a range between IRBMs and true ICBMs. IRBMs are currently operated by
France, the
United Kingdom, the
United States,
Russia,
China,
India and
North Korea. Some countries, such as
Iran,
Israel and
Pakistan are said to be developing them.
Specific MRBMs
Alternative use of launchers
IRBMs are frequently turned into small
satellite launchers via the addition of (usually multiple)
upper stages. In the U.S., this happened to both the
Thor and
Jupiter. A derivative of the
Redstone, the
Jupiter-C launched the U.S.'s first satellite,
Explorer 1.
History
The
progenitor for the IRBM was the
A4b rocket winged for increased range and based on the famous
V2 (Vergeltung, or "Reprisal", officially called
A4) rocket designed by
Wernher von Braun that widely used by
Nazi Germany at the end of
World War II to bomb English and Belgian cities and goals. Also as the first IRBM may be considered separate second stage A9 of ballistic missile
A9/A10 rocket. A4b and A9 rockets were tested few times in December 1944 and January and February 1945. All of these rockets used liquid propellant. A4b used an inertial guidance system, A9 controlled by pilot. They started from a non-mobile launch pad. Following WWII von Braun and other lead Nazi scientists were secretly transferred to the United States to work directly for the U.S. Army through
Operation Paperclip developing the V2 into the weapon for the United States.
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